Groping and Experiment

Alexander Bain's concept of learning by “groping and experiment” is a pivotal aspect of his work in psychology and philosophy, particularly in his approach to understanding how individuals acquire knowledge and develop skills. Bain, a...

Conditioned Reflexes

The term “reinforcement” first appeared in an English translation of the work of Ivan Pavlov on conditioned reflexes. This introduction of the term was significant because it helped bridge Pavlov's pioneering research in Russia with the growing field...

Individuality

The essence of trial-and-error learning, encapsulated in Edward Thorndike's “Law of Effect,” is a foundational concept in behavioral psychology. Thorndike, an American psychologist, introduced this principle in the early 20th century based on his...

First Ideas of Trial-and-Error Learning

Alexander Bain’s concept of learning by “groping and experiment” is a pivotal aspect of his work in psychology and philosophy, particularly in his approach to understanding how individuals acquire knowledge and develop skills. Bain, a 19th-century...