Turing Game by scch { }

To the Game

Deep Blue Defeats Garry Kasparov

by | Jan 1, 1970 | Public Event

Chess was long considered a domain requiring human intelligence, strategy, and intuition, where only humans could excel. This perception was dramatically challenged when IBM's Deep Blue, a highly specialized chess-playing machine, defeated Garry Kasparov, the...

Adaptive Ising Model

by | Jan 1, 1970 | Mathematics

In his 1972 paper “Learning Patterns and Pattern Sequences by Self-Organizing Nets of Threshold Elements,” S. -I. Amari proposed a pioneering approach to pattern recognition and sequence learning through the use of self-organizing neural networks. These...

First Deep Learning (8 layer networks)

by | Jan 1, 1970 | Computer Science

A.G. Ivakhnenko's 1971 paper, “Polynomial Theory of Complex Systems,” published in IEEE Transactions on Systems, presents a novel approach to modeling complex systems using polynomial functions. Ivakhnenko details the development and application of...

Steps toward Artificial Intelligence

by | Jan 1, 1970 | Reinforcement Learning

M. Minsky's 1961 paper, “Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence,” published in the Proceedings of the IRE, provides a comprehensive overview of the foundational concepts, goals, and challenges in the emerging field of artificial intelligence (AI)....

A Markovian decision process

by | Jan 1, 1970 | Reinforcement Learning

R. Bellman's 1957 paper, “A Markovian Decision Process,” published in the Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, presents the foundational framework of Markov decision processes (MDPs). Bellman details the mathematical formulation of MDPs, providing a...